Please take a look to /info/installed-libs for all installed libs incl. version. All installed PHP extensions incl. version are available in /info/installed-php-extensions.
Also /info contains all compile-logs and -errors.
See /install/* and /run/* for more info :-)
You can either use the provided aliases to use plain commands from your host or the provided bin/files. In case you use the bin/files you have to add the bin directory to $PATH or move the files to one of your bin directories.
When using the bin/files you can use this image e.g. with PHPStorm like described here: http://obrown.io/2015/12/23/phpunit-docker-phpstorm.html
Note: When using docker toolbox there is only the /Users directory mounted in the VM. When you need more directories you have to add them manually like described here: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30040708/how-to-mount-local-volumes-in-docker-machine